Letunic et al. (2017) Nucleic Acids Res doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx922
Letunic et al. (2020) Nucleic Acids Res doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa937

• HOME
• SETUP
• FAQ
• ABOUT
• GLOSSARY
• WHAT'S NEW
• FEEDBACK

Ald_Xan_dh_C Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, a/b hammerhead domain

SMART accession number:	SM01008
Description:	Aldehyde oxidase catalyses the conversion of an aldehyde in the presence of oxygen and water to an acid and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is a homodimer, and requires FAD, molybdenum and two 2FE-2S clusters as cofactors. Xanthine dehydrogenase catalyses the hydrogenation of xanthine to urate, and also requires FAD, molybdenum and two 2FE-2S clusters as cofactors. This activity is often found in a bifunctional enzyme with xanthine oxidase activity too. The enzyme can be converted from the dehydrogenase form to the oxidase form irreversibly by proteolysis or reversibly through oxidation of sulphydryl groups.
Interpro abstract (IPR000674):	Aldehyde oxidase ( EC 1.2.3.1 ) catalyses the conversion of an aldehyde in the presence of oxygen and water to an acid and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is a homodimer, and requires FAD, molybdenum and two 2FE-2S clusters as cofactors. Xanthine dehydrogenase ( EC 1.1.1.204 ) catalyses the hydrogenation of xanthine to urate, and also requires FAD, molybdenum and two 2FE-2S clusters as cofactors. This activity is often found in a bifunctional enzyme with xanthine oxidase ( EC 1.1.3.22 ) activity too. The enzyme can be converted from the dehydrogenase form to the oxidase form irreversibly by proteolysis or reversibly through oxidation of sulphydryl groups. The aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, a/b hammerhead domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain [ (PUBMED:7502041) (PUBMED:10430865) ].
Family alignment:	View or CHROMA formatHMM/Web logoCLUSTALW formatMSF formatFASTA formatPIR format

There are 48546 Ald_Xan_dh_C domains in 48472 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.

Click on the following links for more information.

• Evolution (species in which this domain is found)

• Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing Ald_Xan_dh_C domain.

  This tree includes only several representative species. The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with Ald_Xan_dh_C domain is also avaliable.

  Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing Ald_Xan_dh_C domain in the selected taxonomic class.

• Cellular role (predicted cellular role)

• Cellular role: metabolism
  

• Literature (relevant references for this domain)

• Primary literature is listed below; Automatically-derived, secondary literature is also avaliable.

  • Dobbek H, Gremer L, Meyer O, Huber R
  • Crystal structure and mechanism of CO dehydrogenase, a molybdo iron-sulfurflavoprotein containing S-selanylcysteine.
  • Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96: 8884-9
  • Display abstract

  • CO dehydrogenase from the aerobic bacterium Oligotropha carboxidovoranscatalyzes the oxidation of CO with H(2)O, yielding CO(2), two electrons,and two H(+). Its crystal structure in the air-oxidized form has beendetermined to 2.2 A. The active site of the enzyme, which containsmolybdenum with three oxygen ligands, molybdopterin-cytosine dinucleotideand S-selanylcysteine, delivers the electrons to an intramolecularelectron transport chain composed of two types of [2Fe-2S] clusters andflavin-adenine dinucleotide. CO dehydrogenase is composed of an 88.7-kDamolybdoprotein (L), a 30. 2-kDa flavoprotein (M), and a 17.8-kDairon-sulfur protein (S). It is organized as a dimer of LMS heterotrimersand resembles xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase in many, but not all,aspects. A mechanism based on a structure with the bound suicide-substratecyanide is suggested and displays the necessity of S-selanylcysteine forthe catalyzed reaction.

  • Romao MJ et al.
  • Crystal structure of the xanthine oxidase-related aldehyde oxido-reductasefrom D. gigas.
  • Science. 1995; 270: 1170-6
  • Display abstract

  • The crystal structure of the aldehyde oxido-reductase (Mop) from thesulfate reducing anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas hasbeen determined at 2.25 A resolution by multiple isomorphous replacementand refined. The protein, a homodimer of 907 amino acid residues subunits,is a member of the xanthine oxidase family. The protein contains amolybdopterin cofactor (Mo-co) and two different [2Fe-2S] centers. It isfolded into four domains of which the first two bind the iron sulfurcenters and the last two are involved in Mo-co binding. Mo-co is amolybdenum molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide. Molybdopterin forms atricyclic system with the pterin bicycle annealed to a pyran ring. Themolybdopterin dinucleotide is deeply buried in the protein. Thecis-dithiolene group of the pyran ring binds the molybdenum, which iscoordinated by three more (oxygen) ligands.

• Structure (3D structures containing this domain)

• 3D Structures of Ald_Xan_dh_C domains in PDB

  PDB code	Main view	Title
  1dgj		CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ALDEHYDE OXIDOREDUCTASE FROM DESULFOVIBRIO DESULFURICANS ATCC 27774
  1ffu		CARBON MONOXIDE DEHYDROGENASE FROM HYDROGENOPHAGA PSEUDOFLAVA WHICH LACKS THE MO-PYRANOPTERIN MOIETY OF THE MOLYBDENUM COFACTOR
  1ffv		CARBON MONOXIDE DEHYDROGENASE FROM HYDROGENOPHAGA PSEUDOFLAVA
  1fiq		CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF XANTHINE OXIDASE FROM BOVINE MILK
  1fo4		CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE ISOLATED FROM BOVINE MILK
  1jro		Crystal Structure of Xanthine Dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus
  1jrp		Crystal Structure of Xanthine Dehydrogenase inhibited by alloxanthine from Rhodobacter capsulatus
  1n5w		Crystal Structure of the Cu,Mo-CO Dehydrogenase (CODH); Oxidized form
  1n5x		Xanthine Dehydrogenase from Bovine Milk with Inhibitor TEI-6720 Bound
  1n60		Crystal Structure of the Cu,Mo-CO Dehydrogenase (CODH); Cyanide-inactivated Form
  1n61		Crystal Structure of the Cu,Mo-CO Dehydrogenase (CODH); Dithionite reduced state
  1n62		Crystal Structure of the Mo,Cu-CO Dehydrogenase (CODH), n-butylisocyanide-bound state
  1n63		Crystal Structure of the Cu,Mo-CO Dehydrogenase (CODH); Carbon monoxide reduced state
  1rm6		Structure of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase from Thauera aromatica
  1sb3		Structure of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase from Thauera aromatica
  1sij		Crystal structure of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (a.k.a. AOR or MOP) of Desulfovibrio gigas covalently bound to [AsO3]-
  1t3q		Crystal structure of quinoline 2-Oxidoreductase from Pseudomonas Putida 86
  1v97		Crystal Structure of Bovine Milk Xanthine Dehydrogenase FYX-051 bound form
  1vdv		Bovine Milk Xanthine Dehydrogenase Y-700 Bound Form
  1vlb		STRUCTURE REFINEMENT OF THE ALDEHYDE OXIDOREDUCTASE FROM DESULFOVIBRIO GIGAS AT 1.28 A
  1wyg		Crystal Structure of a Rat Xanthine Dehydrogenase Triple Mutant (C535A, C992R and C1324S)
  1zxi		Reconstituted CO dehydrogenase from Oligotropha carboxidovorans
  2ckj		Human milk xanthine oxidoreductase
  2e1q		Crystal Structure of Human Xanthine Oxidoreductase mutant, Glu803Val
  2e3t		Crystal structure of rat xanthine oxidoreductase mutant (W335A and F336L)
  2w3r		Crystal Structure of Xanthine Dehydrogenase (desulfo form) from Rhodobacter capsulatus in complex with hypoxanthine
  2w3s		Crystal Structure of Xanthine Dehydrogenase (desulfo form) from Rhodobacter capsulatus in Complex with Xanthine
  2w54		Crystal Structure of Xanthine Dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus in Complex with Bound Inhibitor Pterin-6-aldehyde
  2w55		Crystal Structure of Xanthine Dehydrogenase (E232Q variant) from Rhodobacter capsulatus in Complex with Hypoxanthine
  3am9		Complex of bovine xanthine dehydrogenase and trihydroxy FYX-051
  3amz		Bovine Xanthine Oxidoreductase urate bound form
  3an1		Crystal structure of rat D428A mutant, urate bound form
  3ax7		Bovine Xanthine Oxidase, protease cleaved form
  3ax9		Bovine xanthine oxidase, protease cleaved form
  3b9j		Structure of Xanthine Oxidase with 2-hydroxy-6-methylpurine
  3bdj		Crystal Structure of Bovine Milk Xanthine Dehydrogenase with a Covalently Bound Oxipurinol Inhibitor
  3etr		Crystal structure of xanthine oxidase in complex with lumazine
  3eub		Crystal Structure of Desulfo-Xanthine Oxidase with Xanthine
  3fah		Glycerol inhibited form of Aldehyde oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas
  3fc4		Ethylene glycol inhibited form of Aldehyde oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas
  3hrd		Crystal structure of nicotinate dehydrogenase
  3l4p		Crystal structure of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (a.k.a. AOR or MOP) of Desulfovibrio gigas covalently bound to [AsO3]-
  3nrz		Crystal Structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase in Complex with Hypoxanthine
  3ns1		Crystal Structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase in Complex with 6-Mercaptopurine
  3nvv		Crystal Structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase in Complex with Arsenite
  3nvw		Crystal Structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase in Complex with Guanine
  3nvy		Crystal Structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase in Complex with Quercetin
  3nvz		Crystal Structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase in Complex with Indole-3-Aldehyde
  3sr6		Crystal Structure of Reduced Bovine Xanthine Oxidase in Complex with Arsenite
  3una		Crystal Structure of Bovine Milk Xanthine Dehydrogenase with NAD Bound
  3unc		Crystal Structure of Bovine Milk Xanthine Dehydrogenase to 1.65A Resolution
  3uni		Crystal Structure of Bovine Milk Xanthine Dehydrogenase with NADH Bound
  3zyv		Crystal structure of the mouse liver Aldehyde Oxidase 3 (mAOX3)
  4c7y		Aldehyde Oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas (MOP), soaked with sodium dithionite and sodium sulfide
  4c7z		Aldehyde Oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas (MOP), activated with sodium dithionite and sodium sulfide
  4c80		Aldehyde Oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas (MOP), soaked with hydrogen peroxide
  4uhw		4UHW
  4uhx		4UHX
  4us8		4US8
  4us9		4US9
  4usa		4USA
  4yrw		4YRW
  4ysw		4YSW
  4yty		4YTY
  4ytz		4YTZ
  4zoh		4ZOH
  5epg		5EPG
  5g5g		5G5G
  5g5h		5G5H

• Links (links to other resources describing this domain)

• PFAM	Ald_Xan_dh_C
  INTERPRO	IPR000674

Send comments to Ivica Letunic