Schultz et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5857-5864
Letunic et al. (2012) Nucleic Acids Res , doi:10.1093/nar/gkr931

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ALBUMIN serum albumin

                    +---+          +----+                        +-----+
                    |   |          |    |                        |     |
 xxCxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCCxxCxxxxCxxxxxCCxxxCxxxxxxxxxCxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCCxxxxCxxxx
   |                 |       |     |              |               |
   +-----------------+       +-----+              +---------------+

There are 365 ALBUMIN domains in 145 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.

Click on the following links for more information.

• Evolution (species in which this domain is found)

• Click on to expand nodes. To display all proteins with a ALBUMIN domain in a specific node, click on it.

  This tree shows only several representative species. The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with ALBUMIN domain is also avaliable.

  Useful shortcuts: Expand all nodes or Collapse tree
  Go to specific node: Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus

• Literature (relevant references for this domain)

• Primary literature is listed below; Automatically-derived, secondary literature is also avaliable.

  • Carter DC, Ho JX
  • Structure of serum albumin.
  • Adv Protein Chem. 1994; 45: 153-203

  • Gray JE, Doolittle RF
  • Characterization, primary structure, and evolution of lamprey plasma albumin.
  • Protein Sci. 1992; 1: 289-302
  • Display abstract

  • The most abundant protein found in blood plasma from the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) has the hallmarks of a plasma albumin: namely, high abundance, solubility in distilled water, a small number of tryptophans, and a high content of cysteines and charged residues. As in other vertebrate albumins, not all the cysteines are disulfide bonded. An unusual feature of this protein is its molecular weight of 175,000, roughly 2.5 times the size of other vertebrate albumins. Its amino acid sequence, deduced from a series of overlapping cDNA clones, can be aligned with other members of the gene family including plasma albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and vitamin-D binding protein, confirming that it is indeed an oversized albumin. An unusual feature of the sequence is a 28-amino acid stretch consisting of a serine-threonine repeat with the general motif (STTT). Lamprey albumin contains a 23-amino acid putative signal peptide and a 6-residue putative propeptide, which, when cleaved, yield a mature protein of 1,394 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 157,000. The sequence also includes nine potential N-linked glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr), consistent with observation that lamprey albumin is a glycoprotein. If all the potential glycosylation sites were occupied by clusters of 2,000 molecular weight each, the total molecular weight would be 175,000. Like other members of the gene family, lamprey albumin is composed of a series of 190-amino acid repeats, there being seven such domains all together. Quantitative amino acid sequence comparisons of lamprey albumin with the other members of the gene family indicate that it diverged from an ancestral albumin prior to the gene duplications leading to this diverse group. This notion is confirmed by the pattern of amino acid insertions and deletions observed in a consideration of all domains that compose this family. Furthermore, it suggests that the invention of albumin antedates the vertebrate radiation.

  • Alexander F, Young PR, Tilghman SM
  • Evolution of the albumin: alpha-fetoprotein ancestral gene from the amplification of a 27 nucleotide sequence.
  • J Mol Biol. 1984; 173: 159-73
  • Display abstract

  • The genes for alpha-fetoprotein and albumin arose by duplication of an ancestral gene that contained three genetic domains. These domains were generated by the triplication of a primordial genetic domain composed of five exons or subdomains. That the primordial domain itself arose by amplification of a simpler sequence is suggested by nucleotide sequence homologies among the subdomains of the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene. A detailed analysis of these homologies reveals that each of the five subdomain families contains remnants of a 27-base-long repeat from which the entire alpha-fetoprotein coding sequence has been assembled. A consensus sequence for the 27 nucleotide repeat is derived, and the positions of the repeats within each subdomain are described. A model is proposed for the evolution of the primordial domain by the amplification and divergence of the 27 base-pair sequence, along with the condensation of the repeats into subdomains separated by intervening sequences. It is postulated that the role of intervening sequences may be to limit sequence amplification in genes such as alpha-fetoprotein and albumin whose protein products cannot tolerate size variation.

  • Eiferman FA, Young PR, Scott RW, Tilghman SM
  • Intragenic amplification and divergence in the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene.
  • Nature. 1981; 294: 713-8
  • Display abstract

  • The DNA sequences of the 14 exon junctions in the murine alpha-fetoprotein gene were determined using cloned genomic DNA. When these exons were examined with respect to the polypeptide segments they encoded, a direct correspondence between a threefold repeat of four exons and three protein domains was observed. Nucleotide sequence comparisons among the four exons of each domain were used to deduce the likely structure of the primordial domain, and the order and mechanism of its triplication to form the tripartite ancestral gene from which both alpha-fetoprotein and serum albumin arose. Sequence homologies among the four exons that constitute a single domain also suggest that they were derived, at least in part, from a common sequence which underwent successive amplification and divergence.

• Disease (disease genes where sequence variants are found in this domain)

• SwissProt sequences and OMIM curated human diseases associated with missense mutations within the ALBUMIN domain.

  Protein	Disease
  Serum albumin (P02768) (SMART)	OMIM:103600: Analbuminemia ; [Dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia] ; [Dysalbuminemic hyperzincemia] OMIM:194470:

• Structure (3D structures containing this domain)

• 3D Structures of ALBUMIN domains in PDB

  PDB code	Main view	Title
  1ao6		Crystal structure of human serum albumin
  1bj5		Human serum albumin complexed with myristic acid
  1bke		Human serum albumin in a complex with myristic acid and tri- iodobenzoic acid
  1bm0		Crystal structure of human serum albumin
  1e78		Crystal structure of human serum albumin
  1e7a		Crystal structure of human serum albumin complexed with the general anesthetic propofol
  1e7b		Crystal structure of human serum albumin complexed with the general anesthetic halothane
  1e7c		Human serum albumin complexed with myristic acid and the general anesthetic halothane
  1e7e		Human serum albumin complexed with decanoic acid (capric acid)
  1e7f		Human serum albumin complexed with dodecanoic acid (lauric acid)
  1e7g		Human serum albumin complexed with tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid) human serum albumin complexed with myristic acid
  1e7h		Human serum albumin complexed with hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid)
  1e7i		Human serum albumin complexed with octadecanoic acid (stearic acid)
  1gni		Human serum albumin complexed with cis-9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid)
  1gnj		Human serum albumin complexed with cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid)
  1h9z		Human serum albumin complexed with myristic acid and the r-(+) enantiomer of warfarin
  1ha2		Human serum albumin complexed with myristic acid and the s- (-) enantiomer of warfarin
  1hk1		Human serum albumin complexed with thyroxine (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine)
  1hk2		Human serum albumin mutant r218h complexed with thyroxine (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine)
  1hk3		Human serum albumin mutant r218p complexed with thyroxine (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine)
  1hk4		Human serum albumin complexed with thyroxine (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine) and myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid)
  1hk5		Human serum albumin mutant r218h complexed with thyroxine (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine) and myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid)
  1j78		Crystallographic analysis of the human vitamin d binding protein
  1j7e		A structural basis for the unique binding features of the human vitamin d-binding protein
  1kw2		Crystal structure of uncomplexed vitamin d-binding protein
  1kxp		Crystal structure of human vitamin d-binding protein in complex with skeletal actin
  1lot		Crystal structure of the complex of actin with vitamin d- binding protein
  1ma9		Crystal structure of the complex of human vitamin d binding protein and rabbit muscle actin
  1n5u		X-ray study of human serum albumin complexed with heme
  1o9x		Human serum albumin complexed with tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid) and hemin
  1tf0		Crystal structure of the ga module complexed with human serum albumin
  1uor		X-ray study of recombinant human serum albumin. phases determined by molecular replacement method, using low resolution structure model of tetragonal form of human serum albumin
  1ysx		Solution structure of domain 3 from human serum albumin complexed to an anti-apoptotic ligand directed against bcl- xl and bcl-2
  2bx8		Human serum albumin complexed with azapropazone
  2bxa		Human serum albumin complexed with 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5- propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (cmpf)
  2bxb		Human serum albumin complexed with oxyphenbutazone
  2bxc		Human serum albumin complexed with phenylbutazone
  2bxd		Human serum albumin complexed with warfarin
  2bxe		Human serum albumin complexed with diflunisal
  2bxf		Human serum albumin complexed with diazepam
  2bxg		Human serum albumin complexed with ibuprofen
  2bxh		Human serum albumin complexed with indoxyl sulfate
  2bxi		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and azapropazone
  2bxk		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate, azapropazone and indomethacin
  2bxl		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and 3,5- diiodosalicylic acid
  2bxm		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and indomethacin
  2bxn		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and iodipamide
  2bxo		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and oxyphenbutazone
  2bxp		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and phenylbutazone
  2bxq		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate, phenylbutazone and indomethacin
  2esg		Solution structure of the complex between immunoglobulin iga1 and human serum albumin
  2i2z		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and aspirin
  2i30		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and salicylic acid
  2vdb		Structure of human serum albumin with s-naproxen and the ga module
  2vue		Human serum albumin complexed with 4z,15e-bilirubin-ix- alpha
  2vuf		Human serum albumin complexed with fusidic acid
  3b9l		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and azt
  3b9m		Human serum albumin complexed with myristate, 3'-azido-3'- deoxythymidine (azt) and salicylic acid
  3cx9		Crystal structure of human serum albumin complexed with myristic acid and lysophosphatidylethanolamine

• Links (links to other resources describing this domain)

• BLOCKS	ALBUMIN
  INTERPRO	IPR014760
  PROSITE	PS00212