Letunic et al. (2017) Nucleic Acids Res doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx922
Letunic et al. (2020) Nucleic Acids Res doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa937

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Asparaginase

SMART accession number:	SM00870
Description:	Asparaginase, which is found in various plant, animal and bacterial cells, catalyses the deamination of asparagine to yield aspartic acid and an ammonium ion, resulting in a depletion of free circulatory asparagine in plasma (PUBMED:3026924). The enzyme is effective in the treatment of human malignant lymphomas, which have a diminished capacity to produce asparagine synthetase: in order to survive, such cells absorb asparagine from blood plasma (PUBMED:2407723), (PUBMED:3379033) - if Asn levels have been depleted by injection of asparaginase, the lymphoma cells die.
Interpro abstract (IPR006034):	L-Asparaginases ( EC 3.5.1.1 ) hydrolyze L-asparagine to L-aspartate and ammonia. Enzymes with asparaginase activity play an important role in the metabolism of all living organisms [ (PUBMED:11996000) (PUBMED:17143335) ]. Enzymes capable of converting L-asparagine to L-aspartate can be classified as bacterial-type or plant-type L-asparaginase. Bacterial-type L-asparaginase are further divided into subtypes I and II, defined by their intra-/extra-cellular localization, substrate affinity, and oligomeric form. Homologous bacterial-type L-asparaginase are found in all kingdoms of life. Furthermore, bacterial-type L-asparaginase are related to other enzymes, including: Bacterial L-glutaminase-asparaginase ( EC 3.5.1.38 ) [ (PUBMED:12610720) ]. Archaeal GatD subunit of Glu-tRNA amidotransferase (Glu-AdT) [ (PUBMED:16809540) ]. Mammalian lysophospholipase ( EC 3.1.1.5 ), which is believed to play a major role in the hydrolytic degradation of lysophosphatidylcholine [ (PUBMED:9575212) ].
Family alignment:	View or CHROMA formatHMM/Web logoCLUSTALW formatMSF formatFASTA formatPIR format

There are 19043 Asparaginase domains in 19037 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.

Click on the following links for more information.

• Evolution (species in which this domain is found)

• Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing Asparaginase domain.

  This tree includes only several representative species. The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with Asparaginase domain is also avaliable.

  Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing Asparaginase domain in the selected taxonomic class.

• Cellular role (predicted cellular role)

• Cellular role: metabolism
  

• Literature (relevant references for this domain)

• Primary literature is listed below; Automatically-derived, secondary literature is also avaliable.

  • Jennings MP, Beacham IR
  • Analysis of the Escherichia coli gene encoding L-asparaginase II, ansB,and its regulation by cyclic AMP receptor and FNR proteins.
  • J Bacteriol. 1990; 172: 1491-8
  • Display abstract

  • Escherichia coli contains two L-asparaginase isozymes: L-asparaginase I, alow-affinity enzyme located in the cytoplasm, and L-asparaginase II, ahigh-affinity secreted enzyme. A molecular genetic analysis of the gene(ansA) encoding the former enzyme has previously been reported. We nowpresent a molecular study of the gene, ansB, encoding L-asparaginase II.This gene was isolated by using oligonucleotide probes, whose sequenceswere based on the previously determined amino acid sequence. Thenucleotide sequence of ansB, including 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions,was determined. The amino acid sequence of L-asparaginase II, deduced fromthis nucleotide sequence, contains differences at 11 positions whencompared with the previously determined amino acid sequence. The deducedamino acid sequence also reveals a typical secretory signal peptide of 22residues. A single region of sequence similarity is observed when ansA andansB are compared. The transcriptional start site in ansB was determined,allowing the identification of the promoter region. The regulation of ansBwas studied by using ansB'-'lacZ fusions, together with a deletionanalysis of the 5' region upstream of the promoter. Regulation by cyclicAMP receptor protein and anaerobiosis (FNR protein) was confirmed, and thepresence of nucleotide sequence motifs, with homology to cyclic AMPreceptor protein and FNR protein-binding sites, investigated.

  • Tanaka S et al.
  • Structures of amidohydrolases. Amino acid sequence of aglutaminase-asparaginase from Acinetobacter glutaminasificans andpreliminary crystallographic data for an asparaginase from Erwiniachrysanthemi.
  • J Biol Chem. 1988; 263: 8583-91
  • Display abstract

  • The complete amino acid sequence of a glutaminase-asparaginase fromAcinetobacter glutaminasificans, for which a preliminary tertiarystructure is available from crystallographic analysis, has been determinedby automated Edman degradation of fragments produced by chemical andproteolytic cleavages. The protein consists of 331 amino acid residues andhas a molecular weight of 35,500. The pattern of hydrophilic andhydrophobic regions is typical of a globular protein. A new crystal formof an Erwinia chrysanthemi 1125 asparaginase is reported. The space groupis monoclinic C2, with unit cell parameters of: a = 107.8, b = 91.7, c =129.2 A and beta = 91.7 degrees. A Vm of 2.25 A3/dalton was calculated forone tetramer of 35,100-dalton subunits per asymmetric unit. X-rayintensity data have been obtained to 2.2 A resolution. The point groupsymmetry of the Er. chrysanthemi tetramer is 222 from self-rotationfunction calculations. The relative orientations of an A.glutaminasificans glutaminase-asparaginase model and the Er. chrysanthemiasparaginase tetramer have been determined with the cross-rotationfunction, and translation function calculations have revealed a plausiblelocation for the asparaginase tetramer in the crystal.

  • Minton NP, Bullman HM, Scawen MD, Atkinson T, Gilbert HJ
  • Nucleotide sequence of the Erwinia chrysanthemi NCPPB 1066 L-asparaginasegene.
  • Gene. 1986; 46: 25-35
  • Display abstract

  • The complete nucleotide sequence of the Erwinia chrysanthemi NCPPB 1066gene coding for the chemotherapeutic enzyme L-asparaginase has beendetermined. The structural gene consists of an open reading framecommencing with an ATG start codon of 1044 bp followed by a TGA stopcodon. Confirmation of the nucleotide sequence was obtained by comparingthe predicted amino acid (aa) sequence with that derived by N-terminal aasequencing of the purified protein. The gene has been shown to code for a21-aa signal peptide at its N terminus which closely resembles the signalpeptides of other secreted proteins. In common with highly expressedEscherichia coli genes, little use is made of modulator codons. Thepredicted aa sequence of the enzyme exhibits 46% identity with thedetermined primary sequence of the E. coli L-asparaginase, although thepredicted secondary structure of both proteins indicates more extensivehomology. Downstream of the TGA stop codon is a G + C-rich region of dyadsymmetry (delta G = -25.4 kcal) characteristic of E. coli Rho-independenttranscription terminators. Upstream of the structural gene there are nosequences which bear a strong resemblance to the consensus -35 and -10regions of E. coli promoters. A sequence is present (CTGGCTCTCCTCTTGAT),however, which exhibits strong homology to the nif promoter consensussequence (CTGGCACN5TTGCA). Upstream of this region is a sequence whichstrongly resembles the consensus sequence for promoter regions which aresubject to catabolite repression.

• Metabolism (metabolic pathways involving proteins which contain this domain)

• Click the image to view the interactive version of the map in iPath

  % proteins involved KEGG pathway ID Description 31.57 map00910 Nitrogen metabolism 31.57 map00252 Alanine and aspartate metabolism 29.87 map00460 Cyanoamino acid metabolism 4.66 map00251 Glutamate metabolism 1.69 map00471 D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism 0.21 map00565 Ether lipid metabolism 0.21 map00564 Glycerophospholipid metabolism 0.11 map00400 Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis 0.11 map02020 Two-component system - General This information is based on mapping of SMART genomic protein database to KEGG orthologous groups. Percentage points are related to the number of proteins with Asparaginase domain which could be assigned to a KEGG orthologous group, and not all proteins containing Asparaginase domain. Please note that proteins can be included in multiple pathways, ie. the numbers above will not always add up to 100%.

• Structure (3D structures containing this domain)

• 3D Structures of Asparaginase domains in PDB

  PDB code	Main view	Title
  1agx		REFINED CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ACINETOBACTER GLUTAMINASIFICANS GLUTAMINASE-ASPARAGINASE
  1djo		Crystal structure of Pseudomonas 7A Glutaminase-asparaginase with the inhibitor donv covalently bound in the active site
  1djp		CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF PSEUDOMONAS 7A GLUTAMINASE-ASPARAGINASE WITH THE INHIBITOR DON COVALENTLY BOUND IN THE ACTIVE SITE
  1hfj		Asparaginase from Erwinia chrysanthemi, hexagonal form with sulfate
  1hfk		Asparaginase from Erwinia chrysanthemi, hexagonal form with partial sulfate
  1hfw		X-ray structure of the complex between Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase and L-Glutamate
  1hg0		X-ray structure of the complex between Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase and succinic acid
  1hg1		X-ray structure of the complex between Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase and D-aspartate
  1ho3		CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF E. COLI L-ASPARAGINASE II (Y25F MUTANT)
  1ihd		Crystal Structure of Trigonal Form of D90E Mutant of Escherichia coli Asparaginase II
  1jaz		Crystal Structure of Monoclinic Form of D90E Mutant of Escherichia coli Asparaginase II
  1jja		CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ORTHORHOMBIC FORM OF D90E MUTANT OF ESCHERICHIA COLI L-ASPARAGINASE II
  1jsl		Crystal structure of Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase complexed with 6-HYDROXY-D-NORLEUCINE
  1jsr		CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ERWINIA CHRYSANTHEMI L-ASPARAGINASE COMPLEXED WITH 6-HYDROXY-L-NORLEUCINE
  1nns		L-asparaginase of E. coli in C2 space group and 1.95 A resolution
  1o7j		Atomic resolution structure of Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase
  1wls		Crystal structure of L-asparaginase I homologue protein from Pyrococcus horikoshii
  1wnf		Crystal Structure of PH0066 from Pyrococcus horikoshii
  1wsa		STRUCTURE OF L-ASPARAGINASE II PRECURSOR
  1zcf		L-asparaginase from Erwinia carotovora
  1zq1		Structure of GatDE tRNA-Dependent Amidotransferase from Pyrococcus abyssi
  2d6f		Crystal structure of Glu-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase in the complex with tRNA(Gln)
  2gvn		L-asparaginase from Erwinia carotovora in complex with aspartic acid
  2him		Crystal Structure and Allosteric Regulation of the Cytoplasmic Escherichia coli L-Asparaginase I
  2hln		L-asparaginase from Erwinia carotovora in complex with glutamic acid
  2jk0		Structural and functional insights into Erwinia carotovora L- asparaginase
  2ocd		Crystal structure of L-asparaginase I from Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar eltor str. N16961
  2p2d		Crystal Structure and Allosteric Regulation of the Cytoplasmic Escherichia coli L-Asparaginase I
  2p2n		Crystal Structure and Allosteric Regulation of the Cytoplasmic Escherichia coli L-Asparaginase I
  2wlt		The crystal structure of Helicobacter pylori L-asparaginase at 1.4 A resolution
  2wt4		Room temperature crystal structure of Helicobacter pylori L- asparaginase at 1.8 A resolution
  3eca		CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI L-ASPARAGINASE, AN ENZYME USED IN CANCER THERAPY
  3ntx		Crystal Structure of L-asparaginase I from Yersinia pestis
  3nxk		Crystal Structure of Probable Cytoplasmic L-asparaginase from Campylobacter jejuni
  3pga		STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PSEUDOMONAS 7A GLUTAMINASE-ASPARAGINASE
  4eca		ASPARAGINASE FROM E. COLI, MUTANT T89V WITH COVALENTLY BOUND ASPARTATE
  4nje		4NJE
  4pga		GLUTAMINASE-ASPARAGINASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS 7A
  4q0m		4Q0M
  4r8k		4R8K
  4r8l		4R8L
  4ra6		4RA6
  4ra9		4RA9
  5cbp		5CBP
  5dnc		5DNC
  5dnd		5DND
  5dne		5DNE
  5f52		5F52
  5hw0		5HW0
  5i3z		5I3Z
  5i48		5I48
  5i4b		5I4B

• Links (links to other resources describing this domain)

• INTERPRO	IPR006034
  PFAM	Asparaginase

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